Translingualism and its Transformative Potential: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis
© 2023 KASELL All rights reserved
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Translingualism has gained recognition as people begin to appreciate the value of multilingualism and linguistic diversity. It celebrates multilingual individuals’ diverse linguistic and semiotic repertoires while challenging monolingualism and standard language ideology. Numerous studies are being conducted on translingualism. However, their significance could be limited without proper integration. This article conducts a qualitative meta-synthesis review of the literature on translingualism to integrate key theoretical orientations and concerns emerging from translingual practices across diverse contexts. The goal is to offer novel interpretations that can deepen our understanding of translingualism and its transformative potential. The findings suggest that translingualism as an ideological stance can serve as both a critical intellectual movement and linguistic activism to raise awareness of restrictive language ideologies. Translingualism also brings about an epistemological shift in language studies towards a more holistic understanding of the linguistic repertoire, expanding to trans-semiotics. Translingualism provides substantive pedagogical potential for creating a more inclusive climate in education and broader society. However, practical issues need to be addressed to implement translingual pedagogy successfully. These include designing effective teaching methods and strategies, developing appropriate assessment techniques, preparing teachers adequately, and overcoming stakeholders’ reluctance to accept translingual practices as valid norms.
Keywords:
translingualism, translanguaging, trans-literacies, trans-semiotic repertoire, language ideologyAcknowledgments
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea/ the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021S1A5A8073225)
References
- Atkinson, D., D. Crusan., P. K. Matsuda., C. Ortmeier-Hooper., T. Ruecker., S. Simpson et al. 2015. Clarifying the relationship between L2 writing and translingual writing: An open letter to writing studies editors and organization leaders. College English 77(4), 383-386.
- Bakhtin, M. M. 1981. The dialogic imagination: Four essays by M. M. Bakhtin. (C. Emerson & M. Holquist, Trans), edited by M. Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Blackledge, A. and A. Creese. 2017. Translanguaging and the body. International Journal of Multilingualism 14(3), 250-268. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2017.1315809]
- Blommaert, J. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. [https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511845307]
- Brooks, E. 2021. Translanguaging and the shifting sands of language education. ELT Journal 76(1), 129-146. [https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccab062]
- Canagarajah, S. 2011. Translanguaging in the classroom: Emerging issues for research and pedagogy. Applied Linguistics Review 2, 1-28. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110239331.1]
- Canagarajah, S. 2013. Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations. London: Taylor & Francis. [https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203073889]
- Canagarajah, S. 2021. Challenges in decolonizing linguistics: The politics of enregisterment and the divergent uptakes of translingualism. Educational Linguistics 1(1), 25-55. [https://doi.org/10.1515/eduling-2021-0005]
- Canagarajah, S. and S. Dovchin. 2019. The everyday politics of translingualism as a resistant practice. International Journal of Multilingualism 16(3), 1-18. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2019.1575833]
- Canagarajah, S. and Y. Matsumoto. 2016. Negotiating voice in translingual literacies: From literacy regimes to contact zones. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 38(5), 390-406. [https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2016.1186677]
- Cenoz, J. and D. Gorter. 2020. Teaching English through pedagogical translanguaging. World Englishes 39(2), 300-311. [https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12462]
- Chang, S-Y. 2019. Beyond the English Box: Constructing and communicating knowledge through translingual practices in the higher education classroom. English Teaching & Learning 43, 23-40. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s42321-018-0014-4]
- Chen, Y., P. Zhang and L. Huan. 2022. Translanguaging/trans-semiotizing in teacher-learner interactions on social media: Making learner agency visible and achievable. System 104, 102686. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102686]
- Cinaglia, C. and P. I. De Costa. 2022. Cultivating critical translingual awareness: Challenges and possibilities for teachers and teacher educators. RELC Journal 53(2). 452-459. [https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882221113659]
- Coronel-Molina, S. M. and B. L. Samuelson. 2017. Language contact and translingual literacies. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 38(5), 379-389. [https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2016.1186681]
- David, S. S., M. B. Pacheco and R. T. Jiménez. 2019. Designing translingual pedagogies: Exploring pedagogical translation through a classroom teaching experiment. Cognition and Instruction 37(2), 252-275. [https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2019.1580283]
- Dovchin, S. and S. Dryden. 2021. Translingual discrimination: Skilled transnational migrants in the labour market of Australia. Applied Linguistics 43(2), 365-388. [https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amab041]
- Duarte, J. 2020. Translanguaging in the context of mainstream multilingual education. International Journal of Multilingualism 17(2), 232-247. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2018.1512607]
- Erwin, E. J., M. J. Brotherson and J. A. Summers. 2011. Understanding qualitative metasynthesis: Issues and opportunities in early childhood intervention research. Journal of Early Intervention 33(3), 186-200. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1053815111425493]
- Fall, M. S. B. 2019. A layered account of translingual invisible tongues: Sensory and multimodal narratives from the English 101 to the Ph.D. Classroom. Teacher Education Quarterly 46(3), 10-33.
- Fraiberg, S. 2018. From activity to mobility systems: Tracing multilingual literacies on the move. In X. You, ed., Transnational Writing Education: Theory, History, and Practice, 156-169. New York, NY: Routledge. [https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351205955-9]
- García, O. and Li Wei. 2014. Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. [https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137385765_4]
- Gevers, J. 2018. Translingualism revisited: Language difference and hybridity in L2 writing. Journal of Second Language Writing 40, 73-83. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2018.04.003]
- Gilyard, K. 2016. The rhetoric of translingualism. College English 78(3), 284-289.
- Gonzales, L. 2015. Multimodality, translingualism, and rhetorical genre studies. In S. Park., B. Bailie., R. Garcia., A. Licona., K. Navickas and D. Blakesley, eds., Best of the Journals in Rhetoric and Composition 2015-2016, 85-120. SC: Parlor Press.
- Hawkins, M. R. 2018. Transmodalities and transnational encounters: Fostering critical cosmopolitan relations. Applied Linguistics 39 (1), 55-77. [https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx048]
- Hornberger, N. H. 2005. Opening and filling up implementational and ideological spaces in heritage language education. The Modern Language Journal 89(4), 605-609.
- Horner, B., S. NeCamp and C. Donahue. 2011. Toward a multilingual composition scholarship: From English Only to a translingual norm. College Composition and Communication 63(2), 269-300.
- Kato, R. and Y. Kumagai. 2020. Translingual practices in a ‘Monolingual’ society: Discourses, learners’ subjectivities and language choices. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 25(2), 1681-1696. [https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1799318]
- Kaufhold, K. 2018. Creating translanguaging spaces in students’ academic writing practices. Linguistics and Education 45, 1-9. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2018.02.001]
- Kellman, S. G. 2019. Literary translingualism: What and why? Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 16(3), 337-346. [https://doi.org/10.22363/2618-897X-2019-16-3-337-346]
- Ki, H. J., Y-J. Lee. and Y. Li. 2022. Content learning through languaging: Translingual practices in a graduate-level teacher preparation EMI course in South Korea. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 21(3), 379-395. [https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.3.20]
- Kim, J. 2017. Translingual identities of international graduate students and monoglossic language ideologies in a U.S. university ESL classroom. Korean Journal of Applied Linguistics 33(3), 3-31. [https://doi.org/10.17154/kjal.2017.9.33.3.3]
- Kim, J. 2022. Bifurcated language policy and practices: English Only vs. De facto translingual practices in English-medium instruction classrooms at a Korean university. Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics 22, 619-636.
- Kiramba, L. K. 2016. Translanguaging in the writing of emergent multilinguals. International Multilingual Research Journal 11 (2), 115-130. [https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2016.1239457]
- Kubota, R. 2016. The multi/plural turn, postcolonial theory, and neoliberal multiculturalism: Complicities and implications for applied linguistics. Applied Linguistics 37(4), 474-494. [https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amu045]
- Kuteeva, M. 2020. Revisiting the ‘E’ in EMI: students’ perceptions of standard English, lingua franca and translingual practices. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 23(3), 287-300. [https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1637395]
- Lee, E. and S. Canagarajah. 2018. The connection between transcultural dispositions and translingual practices in academic writing. Journal of Multicultural Discourses 14(1), 14-28. [https://doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2018.1501375]
- Lewis, G., B. L. Jones and C. F. Baker. 2012. Translanguaging: Origins and development from school to street and beyond. Educational Research and Evaluation 18, 641-654. [https://doi.org/10.1080/13803611.2012.718488]
- Li Wei and O. García. 2022. Not a first language but one repertoire: Translanguaging as a decolonizing project. RELC Journal 53(2), 313-324. [https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882221092841]
- Major, C. and M. Savin-Baden. 2010. An Introduction to Qualitative Research Synthesis: Managing the Information Explosion in Social Science Research. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Martín, C. S., L. Hirsu, L. Gonzales and S. P. Alvarez. 2019. Pedagogies of digital composing through a translingual approach. Computers and Composition 52, 142-157. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2019.02.007]
- Martinez, J. C. 2021. Recovering translingualism in precolonial Philippines. International Journal of Multilingualism 20(3), 1031-1051. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2021.1932909]
- Martínez, R. A., M. Hikida and L. Durán. 2015. Unpacking ideologies of linguistic purism: How dual language teachers make sense of everyday Translanguaging. International Multilingual Research Journal 9(1), 26-42. [https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2014.977712]
- Matsuda, P. K. 2014. The lure of translingual writing. PMLA 129(3), 478-483. [https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2014.129.3.478]
- Medina, A. E. 2022. Translingualism as an insight to develop academic literacy in foreign language in tertiary education: A literature review. Letras 93(137), 86-101. [https://doi.org/10.30920/letras.93.137.7]
- Mendoza, A. and J. Parba. 2018. Thwarted: Relinquishing educator beliefs to understand translanguaging from learners’ point of view. International Journal of Multilingualism 16(3), 270-285. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2018.1441843]
- Milu, E. 2018. Translingualism, Kenyan Hip-Hop and emergent ethnicities: Implications for language theory and pedagogy. International Multilingual Research Journal 12(2), 96-108. [https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2017.1401447]
- Muguruza, B., J. Cenoz and D. Gorter. 2020. Implementing translanguaging pedagogies in an English medium instruction course. International Journal of Multilingualism 20(3), 540-444. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2020.1822848]
- Ooi, W. Z. and A. A. Aziz. 2021. Translanguaging pedagogy in the ESL classroom: A systematic review. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development 10(3), 676-709. [https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v10-i3/10816]
- Otheguy, R., O. García and W. Reid. 2015. Clarifying translanguaging and deconstructing named languages: A perspective from linguistics. Applied Linguistics Review 6(3), 281-307. [https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2015-0014]
- Pacheco, M. B. and B. E. Smith. 2015. Across languages, modes, and identities: Bilingual adolescents’ multimodal codemeshing in the literacy classroom. Bilingual Research Journal 38(3), 292-312. [https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2015.1091051]
- Pacheco, M. B., S. M. Daniel., L. C. Pray., and R. T. Jiménez. 2019. Translingual practice, strategic participation, and meaning-making. Journal of Literacy Research 51(1), 75-99. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1086296X18820642]
- Pennycook, A. 2020. Translingual entanglement of English. World Englishes 39(2), 222-235. [https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12456]
- Popescu-Sandu, O. 2018. Translingualism as dialogism in Romanian-American poetry. Journal of World Literature 3, 50-71. [https://doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00301005]
- Prilutskaya, M. 2021. Examining pedagogical translanguaging: A systematic review of the literature. Languages 6 (4), 180. [https://doi.org/10.3390/languages6040180]
- Romanowski, P. 2020. Perceptions of translanguaging among the students and teachers of EMI classrooms in Poland. Lenguas Modernas 55, 151-165.
- Sandelowski, M. and J. Barroso. 2007. Handbook for synthesizing qualitative research. New York, NY: Springer.
- Schreiber, B. R. and M. Watson. 2018. Translingualism ≠ code-meshing: A response to Gevers’ “Translingualism revisited” (2018). Journal of Second Language Writing 42, 94-97. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2018.10.007]
- Scruggs, T. E., M. A. Mastropieri and K. A. McDuffie. 2007. Co-teaching in inclusive classrooms: A metasynthesis of qualitative research. Exceptional Children 73, 392-416. [https://doi.org/10.1177/001440290707300401]
- Seals, C. A., V. Olsen-Reeder., R. Pine., M. Ash and C. Wallace. 2020. Creating translingual teaching resources based on translanguaging grammar rules and pedagogical practices. Australian Journal of Applied Linguistics 3(1), 115-132. [https://doi.org/10.29140/ajal.v3n1.303]
- Spilioti, T. 2019. From transliteration to trans-scripting: Creativity and multilingual writing on the internet. Discourse, Context & Media 29, 100294. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2019.03.001]
- Sun, T-Y. and T-C. Huang. 2018. The reconstruction of positive multicultural environments through translingualism in Taiwan. Psychology Research 8(5), 192-203. [https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5542/2018.05.002]
- Sun, Y. and G. Lan. 2020. Enactment of a translingual approach to writing. TESOL Quarterly 55(2), 398-426. [https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.609]
- Tagg, C. and A. Lyons. 2021. Repertoires on the move: Exploiting technological affordances and contexts in mobile messaging interactions. International Journal of Multilingualism 18(2), 244-266. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2020.1867150]
- Tai, K. W. H. 2021. Translanguaging as inclusive pedagogical practices in English-medium instruction science and mathematics classrooms for linguistically and culturally diverse students. Research in Science Education 52, 975-1012. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-021-10018-6]
- Tai, K. W. H. and Li Wei. 2021. Constructing playful talk through translanguaging in English medium instruction mathematics classrooms. Applied Linguistics 42(4), 607-640. [https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amaa043]
- Tannenbaum, M. 2014. “With a tongue forked in two”: Translingual Arab writers in Israel. International Journal of Bilingualism 18(2), 99-117. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006912458393]
- Thomas, J. and A. Harden. 2008. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology 8, 45-55. [https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-45]
- Thomas, W. and W. A. Ahmad. 2018. Obstacles in multilingual/translingual approaches to teaching writing at a “Monolingual” American university. Proceedings of Innovation in Language Learning 11th Edition 2018.
- Tomokazu, I. 2021. Translanguaging and English-within-multilingualism in the Japanese EMI context. In W. Tsou and W. Baker, eds., English-medium instruction translanguaging practices in Asia: Theories, frameworks and implementation in higher education, 39-57. Cham: Springer Singapore. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3001-9_3]
- Vallejo, C. and M. Dooly. 2020. Plurilingualism and translanguaging: Emergent approaches and shared concerns. Introduction to the special issue. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 23(1), 1-16. [https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1600469]
- Velasco, P. and O. García. 2014. Translanguaging and the writing of bilingual learners. Bilingual Research Journal: The Journal of the National Association for Bilingual Education 37(1), 6-23. [https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2014.893270]
- Walsh, D. and S. Downe. 2005. Meta-synthesis method for qualitative research: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 50, 204-211. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03380.x]
- Wang, Z. 2018. Rethinking translingual as a transdisciplinary rhetoric: Broadening the dialogic space. Composition Forum 40. Association of Teachers of Advanced Composition.
- Williams, C. 1994. Arfarniad o ddulliau dysgu ac addysgu yng nghyddestun addysg uwchradd ddwyieithog [An evaluation of teaching and learning methods in the context of bilingual secondary education]. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wales, Bangor, UK.
- Williams, H. T. 2020. Translingualism as creative revolt: Rewriting dominant narratives of translingual literature Forum 30, 1-12. [https://doi.org/10.2218/forum.30.4474]
- Yiğitbilek, D. and İ. G. Yazici. 2018. Translingual Approach to Teaching Writing and Corrective Feedback. International Journal of Media Culture and Literature Year 4(1), 67-78.
- Zhang-Wu, Q. 2022. ‘Keeping home languages out of the classroom’: Multilingual international students’ perceptions of translingualism in an online college composition class. Journal of Multilingual Theories and Practices 3(1), 146-168. [https://doi.org/10.1558/jmtp.21280]
- Zhou, X., C. Li and X. Gao. 2021. Towards a sustainable classroom ecology: Translanguaging in English as a medium of instruction (EMI) in a finance course at an international school in Shanghai. Sustainability. 13(19), 10719. [https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910719]
- Zimmer, L. 2006. Qualitative meta-synthesis: A question of dialoguing with texts. Journal of Advanced Nursing 53, 311-318. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03721.x]
- Zucca, C. 2022. The Origins of translingualism: From classical to contemporary literatures in contact. Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics 45(2), 48-61.