Your browser does not support the PubReader view.
Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.
The Korean Association for the Study of English Language and Linguistics
[ Article ]
Korea Journal of English Language and Linguistics - Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.89-121
ISSN: 1598-1398 (Print)
Print publication date 31 Mar 2020
Received 05 Feb 2020 Revised 10 Mar 2020 Accepted 20 Mar 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15738/kjell.20..202003.89

Coh-Metrix 프로그램을 활용한 2015년 개정 교육과정 중학교 1학년 영어 교과서 비교 분석

류지수 ; 전문기
제1저자, 건국대학교
교신저자, 건국대학교
A Coh-Metrix analysis of the first grade middle school English textbooks revised by the 2015 National Curriculum
Jisu Ryu ; Moongee Jeon


Copyright 2020 KASELL
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the differences among seven first grade middle school English textbooks revised by the 2015 national curriculum using Coh-Metrix, a computer tool that has been widely used for analyzing various types of corpora including textbooks, student essays, and literature works. The Coh-Metrix measures selected for the current study included basic counts (number of words, number of sentences, mean sentence length, mean word length), word frequency, word information (imageability, concreteness, age of acquisition), lexical diversity (type-token ratio for content words), content words (number of nouns, number of verbs, number of adjectives, number of adverbs), personal pronouns (first person pronouns, second person pronouns, third person pronouns),　 connectives (causal connectives, additive connectives, temporal connectives), standard readability scores (Flesch Reading Ease score, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level score), syntactic complexity (noun density score, number of words before main verbs), co-reference cohesion (argument overlap for adjacent sentences, argument overlap for all sentences), and semantic similarity (LSA cosine for adjacent sentences, LSA cosine for all sentences) measures. The findings of this study showed that there were differences among seven first grade middle school English textbooks for the majority of the Coh-Metrix measures including basic counts, word frequency, word information, lexical diversity, content words, personal pronouns, connectives, readability, syntactic complexity, co-reference cohesion, and semantic similarity. There were also wide discrepancies in the measures among chapters of each textbook. These results afford several pedagogical and psycholinguistic implications for the development of English textbooks for EFL learners.

Keywords:

Coh-Metrix, corpus analysis, middle school English textbooks, reading materials

References

  • 강순여⋅홍경선(Kang, S. and K. Hong). 2016. 2009개정 교육과정용 초등 5·6학년 영어교과서의 문화요소(Cultural content in 5th-& 6th-grade English textbooks on 2009 national curriculum). ≪영어영문학≫(The Journal of English Language and Literature) 21-1, 339-365.
  • 강용순⋅김해동 ∙ Gorge Whitehead ∙ 권혜연 ∙ 구나현 ∙ 한경 ∙ 홍기만(Kang, Y., H. Kim, G. Whitehad, H. Kwon, N. Koo and K. Hong). 2018. Middle school English 1. 서울: 다락원.
  • 강지영 ∙ 고경희(Kang. J. and K. Ko). 2015. 문화 간 의사소통능력 신장을 위한 초등영어 교과서의 문화교육 자료 분석(Culture education materials of elementary English textbooks as a means to develop intercultural communicative competence). ≪영어영문학≫(The Journal of English Language and Literature) 20-3, 229-251.
  • 고광윤(Goh, G.). 2008. 교과서 영어의 영어다움에 대한 코퍼스 기반 분석: 기능어의 쓰임을 중심으로(A corpus-based analysis of function words in Korean English textbooks). ≪영어학연구≫(English Language and Linguistics) 26, 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.17960/ell.2008..26.001]
  • 고광윤⋅박정준(Goh, G. and J. Park). 2007. 중학교 영어 교과서의 어휘적 연계성에 대한 코퍼스 바탕 연구(A corpus-based study of continuity in Korean middle school English textbooks). ≪영어학연구≫(English Language and Linguistics) 24, 27-45. [https://doi.org/10.17960/ell.2007..24.002]
  • 권인숙(Kwon, I.). 2002. 중학교 영어 교과서의 코퍼스 언어학적 어휘 비교 분석(A corpus-based lexical analysis of middle school English textbooks). ≪영어교육≫(English Teaching) 57-4, 409-444.
  • 권인숙(Kwon, I.). 2004. 한국 중학교 6차 및 7차 교육과정 영어교과서의 코퍼스 언어학적 어휘 비교 분석(A corpus-based lexical analysis of middle school English textbooks of the 6th and the 7th national curriculum). ≪외국어교육≫(Foreign Languages Education) 11-1, 211-251.
  • 권정혜⋅임정완(Kwon, J. and J. Lim). 2018. 2015 개정 교육과정에 따른 고등학교 공통영어교과서 문화 내용 분석(An analysis of the topics and cultural contents in high school English textbooks under the national curriculum revised in 2015). ≪언어학≫(The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal) 26-3, 117-137. [https://doi.org/10.24303/lakdoi.2018.26.3.117]
  • 김경옥⋅나경희(Kim, G. and K. Rha). 2009 개정 영어과 교육과정에 따른 중학교 영어교과서의 쓰기활동유형 분석(An analysis of writing activities of middle school English textbooks based on the 2009 revised national curriculum). ≪영어영문학연구≫(Journal of The English Language and Literature) 59-4, 407-434.
  • 김미혜⋅이성원(Kim, M. and Lee S.). EBS 자료와 CSAT 및 영어교과서 어휘 분석(Vocabulary analysis on EBS materials, CSAT, and English textbooks). ≪예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지≫(Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology) 8-4, 417-427.
  • 김영숙(Kim, Y.). 2016. 2009개정 교육과정 기반 초등영어 교과서의 파닉스 지도 내용 및 방법 분석(An analysis of phonics activities in English textbooks for Korean elementary school students). ≪초등영어교육≫(Primary English Education) 22-4, 237-257.
  • 김은주(Kim, E.). 2001. 제 7차 교육과정에 의한 중학교 1학년 영어교과서의 듣기∙말하기 활동 분석 연구(A study on the listening and speaking activities in the middle school English textbooks). ≪영어교육≫(English Education) 56-2, 219-243.
  • 김정렬(Kim, J.). 2014. 초중등 영어교육 연계성 문제: 영어교과서의 계열성을 중심으로(Continuity problems of elementary and secondary English education: Sequence analysis of English textbooks). ≪어학연구≫(Language Research) 50-1, 161-184.
  • 김정렬⋅양지윤(Kim, J. and J. Yang). 2012. Coh-Metrix를 통한 초중등 영어교과서 연계성 분석(An analysis of the contnuity of elementary and middle school English textbooks using Coh-Metrix). ≪영어교육≫(English Teaching) 67-2, 319-341. [https://doi.org/10.15858/engtea.67.2.201207.319]
  • 김지아⋅최문홍(Km, J. and M. Choe). 2018. 한국과 일본의 중등학교 영어 교과서 비교연구(A comparative analysis of English textbooks in Korea and Japan). ≪교육문화연구≫(Journal of Education & Culture) 24-3, 265-284. [https://doi.org/10.24159/joec.2018.24.3.265]
  • 김지은⋅전문기(Kim, J. and M. Jeon). 2013. 중학교 영어교과서 듣기자료의 Coh-Metrix 측정치에 대한 연계성 분석(A corpus-based analysis of the continuity of the listening materials in middle school English textbooks for Coh-Metrix measures). Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society 15-4, 1987-2000.
  • 김진완⋅황종배⋅Judy Yin⋅이윤희⋅신미경⋅조성옥⋅조현정(Kim, J., J. Hwang, J. Yin, Y. Lee, M. Shin, S. Cho and H. Cho). 2018. Middle school English 1. 서울: 비상교육.
  • 문안나(Moon, A.). 2008. 코퍼스 기반 고등학교 영어 교과서의 동사 문법패턴 분석(A corpus-based analysis of grammar patterns of verbs in Korean high school English textbooks). ≪언어연구≫(The Journal of Studies in Language) 23-4, 659-681. [https://doi.org/10.18627/jslg.23.4.200802.659]
  • 민수정⋅정보현(Min, S. and B. Chung). 2012. 고등학교 영어 교과서에 사용된 기본 어휘에 대한 코퍼스 기반 분석(A corpus-based analysis of vocabulary used in high school English textbooks in Korea). ≪영어영문학≫(The Journal of English Language and Literature) 17-1, 143-159.
  • 민찬규⋅김윤규⋅정현성⋅이상기⋅최진희⋅박세란⋅염지선⋅Walter Foreman(Min, C., Y. Kim, H. Jung, S. Lee, H. Choi, S. Park, J. Yeom and W. Foreman). 2018. Middle school English 1. 서울: 지학사.
  • 배지영(Bae, J.). 2019. 2015 개정 교육과정이 적용된 초∙중등 영어교과서의 읽기 지문 연계성 분석(A continuity analysis of the reading passages in elementary and middle school English textbooks with 2015 revised national curriculum). ≪현대영어영문학≫(Modern Studies in English Language & Literature) 63-2, 81-107. [https://doi.org/10.17754/MESK.63.2.81]
  • 손미영⋅이재근(Son, M. and J. Lee). 2005. 중학교 1학년 영어교과서의 쓰기 활동 자료분석(An analysis of writing activity materials in the middle school English textbooks). ≪영어어문교육≫(English Language & Literature Teaching) 11-3, 139-164.
  • 송미정⋅권진아⋅모윤숙⋅신정아⋅이수하⋅유현주⋅정지윤(Song, M., J. Kwon, Y. Mo, J. Shin, S. Lee, H. Yoo and J. Jung). 2018. Middle school English 1. 서울: YBM.
  • 송자경⋅윤이정(Song J. and L. Yun). 2003. 초등학교 영어 교과서의 연계성 분석: 제7차 교육과정의 의사소통 기능문을 중심으로(An analysis of the sequencing and grading in elemntary school English textbooks: Focused on communicative functions and their exponents in the 7th national curriculum). ≪초등영어교육≫(Primary English Education) 9-2, 149-188.
  • 송해성(Sohng, H.). 2013. 고등학교 영어 교과서 듣기 과업의 학년별 연계성 연구(Exploring the connectedness of listening tasks according to grades in high school English textbooks). ≪영어어문교육≫(English Language & Literature Teaching) 19-4, 279-305.
  • 양현권⋅이창수⋅김기택⋅최정윤⋅고아영(Yang, H., C. Lee, K. Kim, J. Cho and A. Ko). 2018. Middle school English 1. 서울: NE능률.
  • 유세진⋅김효영(Yu, S. and H. Kim). 2015. 고등학교 영어교과서 읽기 자료에 나타난 시제와 상 분포(Distributions of Tense and Aspect in Readings from Korean high school textbooks). ≪외국학연구≫(The Journal of Foreign Studies) 34, 77-98. [https://doi.org/10.15755/jfs.2015..34.77]
  • 이경남(Lee, K.). 2019. 2015 개정 교육과정 기본어휘 목록 및 고등학교 영어 교과서 어휘동사 사용 분석: COCA 핵심학업동사에 기초하여(An analysis of the lexical verbs in the guided word list of the 2015 revised English curriculum and high school English textbooks: Based on COCA core academic verbs). ≪외국어교육≫(Foreign Languages Education) 26-4, 113-133. [https://doi.org/10.15334/FLE.2019.26.4.113]
  • 이소영⋅이현우(Lee, S. and H. Lee). 2019. 2015 개정 영어과 교육과정에 따른 중2 영어 교과서 어휘 분포 분석(An analysis of the distribution of vocabulary in middle school English 2 textbooks based on 2015 revised English national curriculum). ≪중등영어교육≫(Secondary English Education) 12-3, 71-93. [https://doi.org/10.20487/kasee.12.3.201908.71]
  • 이재영⋅안병규⋅오준일⋅배태일⋅김순천⋅박성근⋅신수진(Lee, J., B. An, J. Oh, T. Pae, S. Kim, S. Park and S. Shin). 2018. Middle school English 1. 서울: ㈜천재교육.
  • 이정민⋅현태덕(Lee, J. and T. Hyun). 2013. 중학교 3학년 영어 교과서 읽기 자료 비교 분석(A comparative analysis of the reading materials in the middle school English textbooks for the 3rd year students). ≪현대영어교육≫(Modern English Education) 14-4, 263-286.
  • 이지현⋅이현우(Lee, J. and H. Lee). 2016. 영어 I 교과서와 대학수학능력시험 영어 영역에 나타난 부정사의 분포에 대한 분석(Distributional analysis of infinitives in English I textbooks and the CSAT English sections). ≪중등영어교육≫(Secondary English Education) 9-2, 115-139.
  • 이혜수⋅전문기(Lee, H. and M. Jeon). 2019. 『걸리버 여행기』와『통 이야기』를 중심으로(A corpus stylistic analysis of Jonathan Swift’s writing style in Gulliver’s Travels and A Tale of a Tub). ≪영어학≫(Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics) 19-1, 120-141.
  • 임인재⋅전문기(Lim, I. and M. Jeon). 2013. 코퍼스에 기반한 중학교 1학년 개정 영어교과서 듣기자료 비교 분석(A corpus-based analysis of the listening materials in middle school English 1 textbooks). ≪영어학≫(Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics) 13-1, 105-134. [https://doi.org/10.15738/kjell.13.1.201303.105]
  • 전도희⋅김선영(Jeon, D. and S. Kim). 2015. 중등 영어 교과서의 쓰기활동 분석: 성취기준, 활동유형 및 장르분석을 중심으로(An analysis of writing activities in middle school English textbooks: Achievement objectives, activity types and genre). ≪중등영어교육≫(Secondary English Education) 8-1, 95-119.
  • 전문기(Jeon, M.). 2011. Coh-Metrix를 이용한 중학교 1학년과 2학년 개정 영어교과서 읽기 자료의 코퍼스 언어학적 연계성 분석(A corpus-based analysis of the continuity of the reading materials in middle school English 1 and 2 textbooks with Coh-Metrix). ≪언어과학연구≫(The Journal of Linguistic Science) 56, 201-218.
  • 전문기(Jeon, M.). 2015. 자동화된 언어분석 프로그램을 활용한 중학교 영어교과서의 학년간 연계성 분석(An analysis of the continuity among middle school English textbooks with an automated language analysis program). ≪현대영어교육≫(Modern English Education) 16-1, 195-218.
  • 전문기⋅임인재(Jeon, M. and I. Lim). 2009. 코메트릭스(Coh-Metrix)를 이용한 중학교 1학년 개정 영어 교과서의 코퍼스 언어학적 비교 분석(A corpus-based analysis of middle school English 1 textbooks with Coh-Metrix). ≪영어교육연구≫(English Language Teaching) 21-4, 265-292. [https://doi.org/10.17936/pkelt.2009.21.4.012]
  • 전문기⋅최윤희(Jeon, M. and Y. Choe). 2019. 코메트릭스를 활용한 한국 대학생들의 영어 논설문과 설명문 요약문 비교 분석(A Coh-Metrix analysis of Korean EFL learners’ summary writings in the English argumentative and expository texts). ≪영어학≫(Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics) 19-3, 539-559.
  • 정은혁⋅민주경(Jung, E. and J. Min). 2005. 중학교 영어 문화교육 연구: 학습자와 교과서 분석 중심으로(Culture teaching in secondary English education with a focus on learners and textbooks). ≪영어학연구≫(English Language and Linguistics) 19, 37-63.
  • 조원향(Cho, W.). 2003. 제 7차 교육과정에 따른 중학교 2학년 영어 교과서의 읽기 자료 분석(An analysis of the English materials of the middle school English textbooks for the 2nd year students based on the 7th curriculum). ≪영미어문학≫(Studies in British and American language and Literature Association) 19-1, 151-170.
  • 최인철⋅박태자⋅서원화⋅홍우정⋅강유나⋅송해리⋅김지윤⋅이정하(Choi, I., T. Park, W. Seo, W. Hong, Y. Kang, H. Song, J. Kim, H. Lee and J. Park). 2018. Middle school English 1. 서울: 금성출판사.
  • 허은선⋅김혜정(Heo, E. and H. Kim). 2015. 초등학교 6학년 영어 교과서 문화내용 분석(Analysis of cultural contents in the 6th grade’s elementary school English textbooks). ≪영어영문학≫(The Mirae Journal of English Language and Literature) 20-2, 247-267.
  • Baayen, R. H., R. Piepenbrock and L. Gulikers. 1995. The CELEX Lexical Database (CD-ROM). Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania.
  • Brill, E. 1995. The CELEX Lexical Database (CD-ROM). Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania.
  • Cirilo, R. 1981. Referential coherence and text structure in story comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 20, 358-367. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(81)90505-3]
  • Coltheart, M. 1981. The MRC psycholinguistic database. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33, 497-505. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748108400805]
  • Graesser, A. C., M. Jeon, Z. Cai and D. S. McNamara. 2008. Automatic analyses of language, discourse, and situation models. In J. Auracher and W. van Peer, eds., New Beginnings in Literary Studies, 72-88. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Graesser, A. C., M. Jeon, Y. Yan and Z. Cai. 2007. Discourse cohesion in text and tutorial dialogue. Information Design Journal 15(3), 199-213. [https://doi.org/10.1075/idj.15.3.02gra]
  • Graesser, A. C., D. S. McNamara, M. M. Louwerse and Cai, Z. 2004. Coh-Metrix: Analysis of text on cohesion and language. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 36(2), 193-202. [https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195564]
  • Haberlandt, K. and G. Bingham. 1978. Verbs contribute to the coherence of brief narrative: Reading related and unrelated sentence triples. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 17, 419-425. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(78)90247-5]
  • Jeon, M. 2011. A corpus-based analysis of the continuity of the reading materials in middle school English 1 and 2 textbooks with Coh-Metrix. The Journal of Linguistic Science, 56, 201-218. (in Korean).
  • Jurafsky, D. and Martin, J. H. 2008. Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Klare, G. R. 1974-1975. Assessing readability. Reading Research Quarterly 10, 62-102. [https://doi.org/10.2307/747086]
  • Krashen, S. D. 1985. The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. Addison-Wesley Longman Ltd.
  • Landauer, T. K. 2007. LSA as a theory of meaning, In T. K. Landauer, D. S. McNamara and W. Kintsch, eds., Handbook of Latent Semantic Analysis, 3-34. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. [https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203936399]
  • Landauer, T. K., P. W. Foltz and D. Laham. 1998. Introduction to latent semantic analysis. Discourse Processes 25, 259-284. [https://doi.org/10.1080/01638539809545028]
  • Meyer, C. F. 2002. English corpus linguistics: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606311]
  • Millis, K. and M. Just. (1994). The influence of connectives on sentence comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 33, 128-147. [https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1007]
  • Murray, J. (1997) Connective and narrative text: The role of continuity. Memory & Cognition 25(2), 227-236. [https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201114]

류지수(Ryu, Jisu), 초빙연구원(Visiting Scholar)다언어다문화연구소(The Konkuk Research Institute for Multilingualism and Multiculturalism)건국대학교(Konkuk University)서울시(Seoul 05029, Korea)광진구 능동로 120(120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu)Tel: 02) 450-3356E-mail: ghi03169@gmail.com

전문기(Jeon, Moongee), 교수(Professor)영어영문학과(Dept. of English), 건국대학교(Konkuk University)서울시(Seoul 05029, Korea)광진구 능동로 120(120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu)Tel: 02) 450-3356E-mail: mjeon1@konkuk.ac.kr