Intertextual Practice in Death Trials and Pragmatic Functions
© 2023 KASELL All rights reserved
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Adopting a discourse-pragmatic perspective, this study explores the intertextual practice of speech reporting in the context of capital trials, with an aim to propose a typology of the common pragmatic functions accomplished by incorporated voices. Based on the closing statements of five capital cases, the analysis reveals that, regardless of their orientation, opposing lawyers use external voices to support their stance on a death sentence. Four major functions of speech reporting are identified for this genre: narrating, contextualizing, deconstructing, and legitimizing. The reanimation of these voices not only allows lawyers to create different versions of facts and negotiate polarized perceptions of the person on trial but also contributes to making the closing speech genre highly heteroglossic and dialogic.
Keywords:
closing statement, capital trial, intertextuality, pragmatic functionAcknowledgments
This work was supported by the research fund of Hanyang University(HY-202200000003533).
References
- Arendholz, J., W. Bublitz and M. Kirner-Ludwig. (Eds.). 2015. The Pragmatics of Quoting Now and Then. Berlin: De Gruyter. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110427561]
- Baffy, M. and A. Marsters. 2015. The constructed voice in courtroom cross-examination. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 22, 143-165. [https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v22i2.17895]
- Bakhtin, M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Bergman, P. 1989. Trial Advocacy in a Nutshell. St. Paul: West Publishing.
- Burt, M. 2008. The importance of storytelling at all stages of a capital case. UMKC Law Review 77, 877-910.
- Cotterill, J. 2002. ‘Just one more time…’: Aspects of intertextuality in the trials of O.J. Simpson. In J. Cotterill, ed., Language in the Legal Process, 147-161. New York: Palgrave. [https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230522770_9]
- Coulthard, C. 1994. On reporting reporting: The representation of speech in factual and factional narratives. In M. Coulthard, ed., Advances in Written Text Analysis, 295-308. London: Routledge.
- Fairclough, N. 1992. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Galatolo, R., 2007. Active voicing in court. In E. Holt and R. Cliff, eds., Reporting Talk: Reported Speech in Interaction, 195-220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486654.009]
- Galatolo, R. and M. Mizzau. 2005. Quoting dialogues and the construction of the narrative point of view in legal testimony: The role of prosody and gestures. Journal of the Swiss Association of Communication and Media Research 5, 217-232.
- Hartman, D. 1992. Intertextuality and reading: The text, the reader, the author, and the context. Linguistics and Education 4, 295-311. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0898-5898(92)90005-H]
- Holt, E. and R. Clift (Eds.) 2007. Reporting Talk: Reported Speech in Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486654]
- Hunston, S. and G. Thompson (Eds.) 2000. Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198238546.001.0001]
- Hyland, K. 2005. Stance and engagement: A model of interaction in academic discourse. Discourse Studies 17, 173-192. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605050365]
- Jacquemet, M. 1994. T-offenses and metapragmatic attacks: Strategies of interactional dominance. Discourse & Society 5, 297-319. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926594005003003]
- Jullian, P. 2011. Appraising through someone else’s words: The evaluative power of quotations in news reports. Discourse & Society 22, 766-780. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926511411697]
- Labov, W. 1972. The transformation of experience in narrative syntax. In W. Labov, ed., Language in the Inner City, 354-396. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Lee, J., C. Hitchcock and J. Casal. 2017. Citation practices of L2 university students in first-year writing: Form, function, and stance. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 35, 1-11. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2018.01.001]
- Matoesian, G. 2000. Intertextual authority in reported speech: Production media in the Kennedy Smith rape trial. Journal of Pragmatics 32, 879-914. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00080-6]
- Matoesian, G. 2001. Law and the Language of Identity: Discourse in the William Kennedy Smith Rape Trial. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195123296.001.0001]
- Mayes, P. 1990. Quotation in spoken English. Studies in Language 14, 325-363. [https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.14.2.04may]
- Philips, S. U. 1986. Reported speech as evidence in an American trial. In D. Tannen and J. Alatis, eds., Language and Linguistics: The Interdependence of Theory, Data, and Application, 154-170. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
- Rosulek, L. 2010. Legitimation and the heteroglossic nature of closing arguments. In D. Schiffrin, A. De Fina and A. Nylund, eds., Telling Stories: Language, Narrative, and Social Life, 181-194. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
- Shibata, M. 2021. Reported speech as persuasion: A discourse analysis of Japanese journalism. Japanese Studies 41, 221-239. [https://doi.org/10.1080/10371397.2021.1947788]
- Sinclair, J. 1986. Fictional worlds. In M. Coulthard, ed., Talking about Text: Studies Presented to David Brazil on his Retirement, 43-60. Birmingham: University of Birmingham Press.
- Van Leeuwen, T. 2007. Legitimation in discourse and communication. Discourse & Communication 1, 91-112. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481307071986]